Principles of business and administration Essay

1. Explain why change happens in a business environment. You should include at least three reasons in your answer. For any business to be successful it must be willing to make changes to best provide the services that are required whilst at the same time being profitable, Businesses must constantly evolve and improve both their produce and manufacturing procedures in order to stay competitive in the global marketplace. Management and employees alike must learn to adapt and respond to changes and new challenges. There are two main causes that will make a business make changes, reactive factor and proactive factors. Reactive factor are when external changes occur such. Political reasons like a new law/legislation has been passed by government and this could have a direct effect on your business. Economic factors also will play a major role in making changes to the business; these could be anything from consumers buying trends and economic performance to government tax increases, international exchange rates and interest rate fluctuations. Social awareness is vital when it comes to making business changes as this will massively influence any changes that you put into place, if not researched properly and managed effectively you could make huge mistakes when it comes to advertising and public relations. By monitoring consumers buying preferences and competitors behaviour you will be able to make any changes with the knowledge that they will be relevant. New technology will help a business to be more efficient and competitive and by having the latest/newest technology, that could be what make you stand out over your rivals; you must constantly research new technology because all technology has a life cycle and by being contempt with what you currently have could lead to you falling behind in the marketplace. One helpful way of thinking about the reactive factors influencing change is to use the PEST acronym. Political, Economic, Social, Technology. The other main reason that will cause a business to make changes is when the company has a desire to improve or has internal demands that must be met, this is called a proactive change and this can be of a financial nature such as – implementing a new way to reduce waste efficiently, or launching a new cutting edge product. But it could also be a way to improve the business moral and wellbeing with changes like refitting communal areas (toilets etc.) and enhancement courses such as- first aid training. Section 2 – Understand the purpose of supporting change in a business environment 1. Identify the main reasons for reviewing working methods, products and / or services in a business environment. In a business environment nothing stays the same and therefore you must continually review your working methods, products and services to ensure that they are still relevant, suitable and efficient. Companies review their services and products regularly so that they can keep up to date with the expectations of their customers. This will ensure the company can stay competitive and meet its targets and objectives. If a change has to be made to a service or product that you offer this could mean that related procedures need to be reviewed to ensure they are still correct and efficient. Any successful business will follow the principle continual reviewing of the working methods and services, making changes to improve them, reviewing these changes and then making further changes, by doing this you will always be confident in your product. 2. When a business is going through change: a) Describe the different types of support that people may need. When a business goes through change it can cause employees to feel unhappy, stressed or anxious this can cause them to be withdrawn and uncooperative when it comes to learning and adapting to the implemented changes Supporting people during change is important as failure to do this could be harmful to the person/s involved and to the business. Different types of support that can help people during change include: Effective planning of how different people will react to the change. Participation and keeping staff informed of progress or changes. Training or retraining so all staff members are confident in their new roles or expectations. Encouragement and other supportive behaviours by reassuring, supporting, guidance and by giving praise. Counselling or coaching with staffs that appears unable to deal with the changes or with external issues. b) Explain the benefits of working with others. When a business is going through changes it is always better to work as part of a team because it will create camaraderie and with others there you can always ask for assistance or advice if you have a concerns, as a business you should always try make staff work in groups when implementing changes as with this format you will be able to reduce the risk of individuals becoming isolated and it will help to create a framework for mutual support and problem solving. Section 3 – Understand how to respond to change in a business environment 1. In relation to your current business environment (or one that you are familiar with): a) Explain why you should respond positively to changes in working methods. As I am familiar with working in a commercial kitchen environment I have to be able to respond positively to change as they happen possibly more often than anywhere else. For example if the head chef decides to make changes the menus then I have to be able to adapt and make the relevant changes immediately because failure to do this could result in products being made incorrectly and will be returned at cost to the company this would mean that  I would have to remake the dish correctly therefore costing me valuable time/resources especially if the restaurant is busy. If I was to make too many mistakes then this would have a negative impact on the moral of the kitchen and could end up with me being sent out of the kitchen and possibly losing my job because of my ineptness, on the other hand if the head chef was to see that I was responding the change positively then he might feel that he could move me onto a more complex station this would give me a confidence boost and encourage me to continue my good work. b) Explain why you should respond positively to changes in products or services. All companies need to update or change their products from time to time in order to be competitive and all employees including myself have to accept that changes will have to be made to the way in which we work but by being positive to the changes it will show my employer that I am willing to adapt to any changes and that i show a willingness to learn new methods and techniques that could improve the way that I work, this will create a positive image of me in my employer’s and fellow colleagues eyes. By adapting the skills that I have acquired I may be able to offer advice on the effectiveness of any changes. In the long-run this could benefit me by enhancing my career prospects within the company. c) Identify ways of responding positively to change. All business wants staff that can respond positively to change and look out for people who can show that they have a willingness to learn new skills and procedures and those that can apply what they have learned into the workplace. They are the sort of people that will seek out answers and ask questions in order to find solutions to problems/difficulties and find it enjoyable when they have a chance to change and adapt. They will also be willing to share their knowledge, skills and experience. They will try to help others to adapt to the changes. And by keeping a happy can-do attitude you can prevent yourself from becoming stressed or anxious and this could encourage others to feel more positive Once you have completed all 3 Sections of this Assessment, go to www.vision2learn.com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Julian Opie

By Billie-Jo Ellis ? ? ? He was born in London in 1958, but was raised in Oxford. He is recognised for his distinctive contribution to contempory art over the last 3 decades. He graduated from Goldsmith’s School of Art in 1983. In 2008, the four-sided LED sculpture ‘Ann Dancing’ was installed in Indianapolis, USA, as the first artwork on the Indianapolis Cultural Trail. ‘Ann’s’ dress will sway and her arms will move. This is the name given to the work of a group of artists, sculptors and installation artists who began to exhibit together in London in the early 80’s.Many of these were exhibited in the Lisson Gallery. A few examples of artists in the NBS are: Edward Allington; Stephen Cox; Grenville Davey; Anthony Gormley; Julian Opie; Rachel Whiteread; Bill Woodrow and many more. Tim Wood identified 4 major themes in the New British Sculpture movement: ? A synthesis of pop and kitsch. ? A assemblage of the decaying UK urban environment an d the waste of consumer society. ? An exploration of the way in which objects are assigned meanings. A play of colour, wit and humor. I heard about Julian Opie about 2 years ago in school and have liked his work ever since. I like the simplicity of it all, yet he still captures the person in the picture, even his faceless LED work still captures a persona and this is why I like him. I got all my information from own personal knowledge, research on the internet (wikipedia. org and Julianopie. com) and books such as Tate Modern Artists.

Different Conceptions of Deity and Sacred Power

Throughout history and all across the different races of men and their equally varying cultural codes, ethnic and social beliefs, there have also been a varying conceptions of Deity and Sacred or Divine Powers. All kinds of gods and goddesses: their origins and attributes; their powers and characteristics; their stories in myths, legends and fables; have all shown a diversity and paradoxically, a unity as well. The diversity stems from the varying beliefs about life and nature, which includes culture, climate, weather, other natural phenomena, and the environment around the people who originated such beliefs.James Livingston, in his book Anatomy of the Sacred: An Introduction to Religion, have enumerated these conceptions of the Divine and the Sacred Power from polytheism, pantheism, dualism, and monotheism, among others. Such characters have included gods of thunder and lightning, mother goddesses, entire pantheons of gods and goddesses, and more. And surprisingly, there is an under lying unity in these conceptions. For they all point to the inherent goodness of the Divine, as well as Its Ultimate omnipotence and immortality. What are these conceptions, and what are their characteristics?Let us tackle each and provide examples. Firstly, there is polytheism. This is the belief in the multiplicity of gods and goddesses. It shows that Divine Powers are not limited to one being, but divided in many. The gods and goddesses of polytheistic religions each have specific powers and characteristics, and each can be invoked for specific blessings or help. Examples include the deities of Hinduism. There are also the gods and goddesses of Olympus in Greek mythology. The Chinese also have different gods and goddesses which have specific powers.The deities of Ancient Egypt also show the polytheism of its people. Monotheism, in contrast, is the belief in a single god or deity. It supposes that this single being created the whole universe, and controls all and has the Ultimate Power. Examples include Islam, most forms of Christianity, and the monotheistic religion of an exceptional Egyptian pharaoh, Amenhotep IV or Akhnaton. Akhnaton is said to be the first monotheist in human history, who worshipped the sun-god Ra and no one else, to the enmity of the polytheistic temple priesthood of his time.Pantheism is the belief that everything in creation is the Deity or part of the Deity. Adherents of this concept usually are amenable to worshipping or treating as sacred all the things of nature, such as the sun, the trees, and animals. The pagans can be considered as such. Mystics are sometimes classified as pantheists, for they adhere to the conception that the Deity is in everything and is everywhere. However, mystics are not exactly pantheists in some classifications.Dualism adheres to the concept of two great Deities in opposite extremes or poles, which eternally battle for dominion of creation or the universe. One is traditionally the Creator god who is all- good, while the other is his adversary, who is totally evil. Such religions include forms of Christianity (where God and Satan eternally battle), and Zoroastrianism where the gods Ahura Mazda and Ahriman are good and evil, respectively. This concept adheres to the cosmic struggle between the forces of Light and Darkness.

Managing Financial Resources Master Research Paper

Managing Financial Resources Master - Research Paper Example Must Have Furnisher's current financial information (charts) can be found in Annex A of this report. All other charts and reports related to the projects to be examined and the company in question for the merger can also be found in Annex A. This report begins by comparing the profit/loss statement for the year ending 30/09/03. What follows is a bar graph that compares 2002 profit/loss and 2003 profit/loss. You may find the results quite startling. With sales and gross profit being higher in 2003 one would expect the operating profit to higher, but its not: The blue bars represent 2002's data and the reddish bars represent 2003's data. Sales were way up in 2003 as were cost of sales and gross profit. There is a considerable gap between 2002 and 2003 in sales and expenses. When you get down to the number that really counts, the operating profit, 2002 was a better year. 2003's data shows a 311% increase in sales, 466% more spent in cost of sales, etcBut, when you look at the final bars (operating profit) 2002 reported 674000 profit and 2003 reported 620000 profit. The company actually made less in 2003 (-54000) and spent considerably more in 2003. What hurt in 2003's numbers were the expenses such as bad debts, depreciation, selling expenses, and interest owed. It appears that the new p... The Simplified Balance Sheet (See Annex A) for Must Have Furnishers LTD tells more of the story. There are big number differences as seen in the prior graph only this time 2003 came out with the bigger numbers. Why Because the earlier chart gave a snapshot of one part of the business and the chart below gives a snapshot of the business as a whole and takes a look at such things as stock ownership to raise capital and expenditures for machines and equipment. The bars on the left represent 2002 data while the ones on the right represent 2003 data. The ratio of assets is .358911:1 and the ration of liabilities is .0625:1. The next graph shows the company's net worth (net assets minus long term liabilities): Column 1 is the company's 2002 net worth and column 2 is the company's 2003 net worth. Why is the company worth more in 2003 In 2002 the company had 60 stock holders and that number increased to 476 in 2003. One way of raising money (capital) to fund projects or growth is to sell more stock. This could work well or backfire. Selling more stock could make the stock price fall. The stock owners before the new sale would lose because their stock lost value and their percentage of ownership in the company dropped as well. This company also took on more debtors (1000). That raised the current assets for 2003. The net worth for the company increased from 1858 in 2002 to 2534 in 2003. That equates to roughly a 36% increase in net worth for the company. If the company could reduce its long term liabilities the profit margin would be greater. Also, the company needs to take a good look at the expenses 2002 vs. 2003. Lowering those expenses would raise the operating

Current and Fixed Assets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current and Fixed Assets - Essay Example The exchanging over or turning over of this assets is usually done during the normal business environment. These assets include cash and cash in-equivalents which re the liquid assets. These include currency, deposit accounts and negotiable instruments like money orders and bank drafts. There are also short term investments which include trading securities. Other items are receivable assets, inventory and prepaid expenses (Ingram & Albright, 2006.pp.298). Fixed assets are generally termed as PPE to mean property plant, and equipment. These assets are purchased mainly for long term use. They are used in earning the business profits. These may include land, buildings, machinery, tools, and furniture. They are usually written off against profits in the balance sheet. In management accounting fixed assets are also called capital assets. These assets are attached with monetary value and not the liquid cash like in current assets (Bott, 2005.pp.165). Discussion In a balance sheet there are usually decreases and increases in the assets of the company, both fixed assets and current assets. in the balance sheet an increase in the fixed and current assets is usually debited while a decrease in the two is usually credited. If the asset is capital plus liability then debits are the same as the credits. For double entry to be reflected in the accounts every debit must have a corresponding credit entry. The assets are usually different from liabilities and they take different sides in the balance sheet. To balance an account will simply mean to obtain the difference between the totals of the two sides of an account. If the details of the on the debit side is higher than of the credit side the balance is said to be a debit balance. If the totals on the credit side are higher than of the debit side, the balance is said to be a credit balance (Ingram & Albright, 2006.pp.300). In this company the fixed asset is the file server which is worthy $15,000. This is property of the com pany thus it will be debited. The amount which the company has paid will be credited and the amount that they will get from the same will be credited. What really happens is as shown on the next page: ACCOUNT TO RECORD ENTRY IN ACCOUNT SIDE Asset(fixed and current) An increase Debit Left Asset(fixed and current) A decrease Credit Right The debit side is usually left while the credit is usually one the left side. The $15,000 will therefore be on the left side since it will be an increase in assets of the company. This is a fixed asset because it cannot be converted in quick or liquid cash. The amount which was paid by the company, that is, $5,000 will be a decrease in asset and this will be credited on the right side of the balance sheet. The money which they will get after selling the software packages will be an increase in the company’s current assets and this will be debited on the left side of the balance sheet (Bott, 2005.pp.159). The profits that are got after selling t he software packages will reduce the company’s properties but this will be replaced by the cash that flows in the bank. The two will be written in different sides of the balance sheet. After the property is sold, the value of them will increase since it will bring in addition profits to the company (Ingram & Albright, 2006.pp.291). When there is no change in the assets then the company

National Expansion and Race in the Americas Essay

National Expansion and Race in the Americas - Essay Example Although the frontier in the name of unlimited free land provided opportunities to natives and non-natives, who were attracted in order to develop the lands of the frontier resulting in thousands of migrants who only succeeded because western farming promised unusual profits. But on the other hand, the democratic American frontier remain deprived of political and social institutions until the beginning of 1800. Many historians still believe that war and diplomacy were the major determinants behind extending the territory of the U.S by securing control over the Mississippi River and removing the threat of foreign intervention in the Southwest. In fact, U.S decided to expand its frontiers due to the political threats from the English and French. When Canada along with the federal civilization democratic policy and the conquest of the Creek Nation opened land for white settlement, the government initiated the facilitation of the transfer of property on which federal tariffs on foreign sugar bolstered Louisiana's economy. At the same time each of the Deep South states passed laws regulating the internal slave trade to ensure their desire for labor and security. People immigrated to America for many reasons among which the most common ones include starvation, war ravages and political influence in America and Europe. History suggests that the Westward movement initiated a new conflict over land rights that took place from coast to coast, while at the same time arising new issues over frontiers regarding occupation and settlement and included the borderlands of Mexico with the westward movement in Canada and Alaska. Racism remained a prominent feature of Western expansion which resulted in evil forms of oppression among which deliberate racial extermination against aborigines in areas settled by whites was common. The economic transformation benefited frontier white Americans who had already utilize the traditions of an expanding capitalist system of private property and to some extent political and economic system. The settlement of trans-Mississippi West experienced a rapid pace of change in a short span of time and as compared to the Mexican frontier, witnessed many wars in less than a century. Mexican frontier was followed with feudal political system with rare communicating modes with the outer world, ship and rail. Meanwhile, the French in Canada did their best to maintain their fur trade down the Mississippi river from where most of the revenue and trade went to Montreal, which portrayed America to be a large market for British goods (Dunn 2005, p. 5). In addition to the fur and land trade, African slaves were traded in order to work at tobacco and sugar farms. After taking control over American frontier, Illinois along with the French in Canada developed effective strategic processes from bringing fur from the frontier to Montreal. This way Canada managed to be a leader in trade while America benefited from the Westward revolution through turning its attention towards agriculture and farming. Canada had greater advantage for it had forty portages between Montreal and Michilimackinac along with the advantage of Ottawa river. Since, Canada was exposed to harsh weather where the rivers often turn useless to be utilized, it left behind industrial progress as

The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Fish by Elizabeth Bishop - Essay Example But this initial impression of a sedentary, large old fish being caught with a struggle is belied when the poet sees the evidence of the tremendous battles the fish has already gone through in referring to it as â€Å"a five haired beard of wisdom trailing from his aching jaw.† The poem is therefore a tribute to the beauty and the miracle of survival. This is where the poet crates sympathy for the fish by combining both simile and metaphor as she mentions the five â€Å"old pieces of fish line† with their â€Å"five big hooks grown firmly in his mouth†, describing them as â€Å"medals with their ribbons frayed and wavering.† The fish with its aching jaw full of hooks, emerges as a symbol of pain and suffering, a battle embittered veteran of the waters. The poet has used the battered image of her boat and the grizzled old veteran fish of the waters, neither of which is particularly beautiful, in conjunction with an pool of oil bilge that produces a rainbow towards the end of the poem. â€Å"Rainbow, rainbow, rainbow!† before she lets the fish go at the end highlights the beauty that exists in the ugly old fish – it has survived. As the poet stares into its eyes, this is â€Å"the victory† that â€Å"filled up the little rented boat† and the realization of its beauty is highlighted t hrough the simile of the rainbow. Bishop has used the device of parallelism very effectively in this poem to enhance the beauty of sheer survival in this poem. She starts the poem with the parallelism of â€Å"didn’t fight, hadn’t fought at all† but hangs a dead weight, â€Å"battered and venerable and homely† and leads it into the repetition of â€Å"rainbow, rainbow, rainbow† to show the discovery of the beauty of the fish’s sheer struggle for survival, which is why she lets it go. While reading the poem initially, the reader gains the impression that the poet finds

The Stock Plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Stock Plans - Essay Example The major difference between the two accounting methods is that the intrinsic value based method overstates the income of the company. This method does not reveal the fair value of the stock, whereas the fair value based method, which is also recommended by FASB is based upon the estimated fair value of the company’s stock. Amount Of Compensation Under a stock options plan, 100 shares were offered to each employee that was purchased or exercised at $45 per share i.e., the grant price. The stock options would cost them $4500 ($45x100). However, the current market price of the stock is $60, which makes $6000 ($60x100) if sold in the market. The shares would obviously be sold on the current market value and hence each employee would get the difference ($6000-$4500) between the grant price and the current market value. The total amount of compensation that each employee would get is $1500 making the total compensation of $3000 paid by the company to two employees. Recording Of Sto ck Options In XYZ’s books The US GAAP requires the companies to expense out the employee stock options on the fair or intrinsic value, as well as disclose it in the company’s financial statements, which is supposed to decrease the company’s earnings significantly. Therefore, an expense will be recorded in the books of XYZ Corporation against the amount of employee stock options as per the accounting practice of FASB and the corresponding expense will be disclosed in the company’s financial statements.

Theoretical Studies in Fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theoretical Studies in Fashion - Essay Example The essay "Theoretical Studies in Fashion" concerns the Fashion Theoretical Studies. After visiting the Victoria and Albert Museum, we visited the shoe exhibition called ‘Shoes and Pleasure Pain’ where I learned about different types of shoes that reflect social construction for gender. In the shoe exhibition I chose to focus on Men’s Clubbing Boots which were produced between 1992 and 1996 in England. This type of shoe is a high heeled leather shoe designed for men. These shoes are long with tall laces from the feet up to the legs. They are sexy, and can be used by men to demonstrate sexiness in the English culture. The men’s clubbing boots fall under the category of seduction in the exhibition because they are considered as sexy shoes. They influence the movement of the body. These high heeled shows which affect body movements have been considered in most societies to be suitable for the female gender. However, in this specific exhibition men have also be en portrayed as a group that can titillate the audience and develop sensual feeling. However, the shoe also has several characteristics that reflect the male gender through social construction. For instance, the men’s clubbing boots are look big and heavy, indicating masculine aspects of the wearer. The bigness and heaviness of the men’s clubbing boots shows the distinct appearance of men and women in terms of social construction. In social perspective, men and women have different levels of social power. The power of women is manifested in their appearance.

Case Analysis On IT at Cirque Du soliel Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Analysis On IT at Cirque Du soliel - Case Study Example One of the best examples of technological developments is the reliance on information technology in various business organisations. Many information technologies have been devised in order to assist in the different needs that most companies seem to have in the course of their activities. Some of these technologies enable the consumers that are geographically separated to effectively share messages and databases, which are copied and sent instantly to different recipients. Many companies rely on information technology in order to make awareness for the products and services they make in a manner that is deemed to be fast and cost effective compared to when they would have done the same by moving physically to their customers. In the same way, many consumers have continued to enjoy the ability to interact with these companies, managing to order for their goods at their convenience, making payments easily and following their products on transit until they get them. This paper examines the influence of information and technology at Cirque du Solie, looking at how the company can use this innovation to improve their performance and market share. Cirque du Soleil, which is headquartered in Montreal in Canada, was established in 1984 by people that were actively involved public entertainment (Richard, Pinsonneault & Croteau 2012, 2). They were led by Guy Laliberte and Daniel Gauthier who were motivated by the need to reinvent the idea of circus, which had not yet emerged in the entertainment scene by 1800s. The critics and audiences were hugely won by the first show that was made by Cirque du Soleil. This show was very dramatic and quite different from traditional circus that had been common before that time. In this show, the participants wore nicely decorated costumes, had modern and original music, featured different dramatical and

Immigration Status In Access to Health Care And Insurance Among the Research Proposal

Immigration Status In Access to Health Care And Insurance Among the Polish Immigrants In the USA - Research Proposal Example The suggested study relates to legal and illegal polish immigrants and their access to health care and insurance services in the United States of America. The study attempts to determine the effects of immigration status (Legal v/s illegal) on the access to health care and related services in America. This study deals with immigrants, who might not know English, therefore, to ensure reliability of scores obtained, the questionnaire will be provided in their language as well. Similarly, the researcher will have to provide the briefing form and the informed consent forms in Polish language also. Immigration status acts as a barrier to seeking and getting access to health care and insurance facility in the USA. There has been considerable research on the topic and there are theories that support both sides of the case. The literature review has revealed contradictory information on the issue. This study is needed to find out the truth about access to healthcare and insurance available to immigrants in the USA. This study will prove to be very helpful in the field of social services. It will provide an insight into the issues faced by illegal polish immigrants in access to healthcare and will point new directions for further research in the field. This study is personally important to me since it will enhance my research skills; give me more insight into the causes of psychological deprivations among immigrants and will make me more sensitive as a counselor towards the health needs of immigrants.

Air force fume billboard Essay Example for Free

Air force fume billboard Essay Air force fume billboard Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are observable characteristics, which attract customers to the product. Basing our argument on the above film are lifestyles, standards, color, physical appearance, taste, motivations, opinion, and desires. These take account of distinctiveness such as cheerful, preservationist, and safety-cognizant, value-oriented, class-driven. In our case, color attracts ones attention such that the distant-customers move closer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1943 John Garfield, John Ridgley, Gig Young  » The troop of an Air Force bomber disembark in the Harbor in the outcome of the Japanese assault and is mailed on to Manila to provide a hand with the attack of the Philippines (Suids, 1996).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Color information is supportive in identifying objective. It can be, sometimes, misleading. One of the tribulations with regard to images is the equivalent objects might have dissimilar colors and intensities when the illumination situation changes or there are dimness. It occurs predominantly often in our assignment. The billboard images for patterns were taken independently in a different circumstance from the unambiguous game in the video progression. However, in the live match dissemination, the lighting condition is diverse and they even revolutionize often during the match (Toyoshima, (2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, there are numerous shadows caused by the players ahead of the billboards. When we to make use of the template color as the sample color and try to come across areas with the related color in the edge. The tolerant level is sky-scraping, a lot of gratuitous area will be incorporated and the diminution in searching area is not very considerable; on the other hand, if the lenient level is low, we have the risk of ignoring the main area. The brightly brown color captures awareness to the customers. The billboards exhibit great advertisements to fleeting pedestrians and even drivers. Characteristically, screening outsized, apparently amusing slogans, and distinguishing visuals. The billboards are exceedingly noticeable in the summit in market places. The bulletins are the leading modern-size billboards. They are located mainly on major highway, expressway and market zones to attract or capture peoples’ attention (Toyoshima, 2008)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   More so, imagery as a stylistic device applies during advertisement. For instance, â€Å"AIR FORCE† here implies war. This is the war of the crew against the Japanese as explained on synopsis. This type of film designed in such a way that it entails different styles. Since it is in a class of luxury has to be standard and specially designed to reach the test of customers. Primarily a good copy communicates to the ideal clients. In this case, the copy creates a great physical impression to the customers. In so doing more, sales are systematical done due to its unique appearance on the customers’ eyes (Suid, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Addition to that, customers like a description on the product in the market. Therefore, the synopsis contained on the copy gives customer detailed-evidence information in the copy. Furthermore, copywriter includes power words, which are very patting to the clients. Occasionally, these words are termed as power words which a very influential to the customer. They are advisable to apply in the language. In the above copy, â€Å"AIR FORCE† is an example of power words. Edges are very noteworthy illustration features in image processing. They are the points with high passion contrast and portray margins of objects contained in an image. Using periphery information of a copy also significantly condenses the amount of data while preserving the essential structural properties of an image. This gives a good impression to sight hence encouraging more purchases (Toyoshima, 2008). References Suid, L. H. (1996). Sailing on the silver screen: Hollywood and the US Navy. Annapolis, Md: Naval Inst. Press. Suid, L. H. (2002). Guts glory: The making of the American military image in film. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. Toyoshima, Y. (2008). Japanese movie billboards: Retro art from a century of cinema. Tokyo, Japan: DH Publishing Inc. Source document

Belly Dancing in Popular Culture: Shakira

Belly Dancing in Popular Culture: Shakira Popular culture introduced certain dance forms as art is very subjective, a particular persons approach to dance is different in many ways especially in how one sees and explains a piece of dance. A particular dancer puts it in a way that each dance step has a sensation and each of these sensations becomes the object of a separate perception of the mind. Ones approach to dance is different, its source is ones emotion. Ones emotion affects a dance piece if it was danced with a different approach. Even if two or more people are performing the same step in a particular dance, the effect on is different depending on their style and how they make a particular movement big. For example Beyonce Knowles or Shakira, famous singers worldwide are well known for their dancing in addition to being blessed with great vocals. People like them have to adapt to many dance styles by different cheographers. As many of us know, Beyonce attempted a familiar dance style by Bob Fosse in her Single Ladies m usic video. Jacquel Knight, the 19 year old cheographer for this music video interpreted Bob Fosses dance style using the follow-the-leader and canon technique. Shakira on the other hand attempted dance the Arabic belly dancing which is seen in many of her music videos and concerts. Her approach to dance influenced people especially young artists and teenagers worldwide. Belly dancing had the certain uniqueness which shakira portrays and danced beautifully. Her approach to belly dancing was much more influential compared to beyonces follow-the-leader style in dance. Belly dancings exact orign is anticipatorily debated with dance enthusiasts. Belly dance was based on the social dance native to the Middle East. This dance is a fusion of many dance styles, there are many origins and many form of ethnic folk dances, which are usually performed for celebration and fun events like weddings or social gatherings. Traditionally, movements in belly dancing are utilized to demonstrate or ease fertility or childbirth. Outside of Middle East, belly dancing was popularized during the Romantic Movement in the 18th and 19th centuries as oriental artists characterized their interpretation of harem life in the Ottoman Empire. In the early 1900s, it was a common belief among the people in America and Europe that dancers were women of loose morals. This assumption drew criticism for its immodest dancing and was usually banned form the publics view which lead to an overall misunderstanding of the true nature of belly dancing. Belly dancing use movements in every mus cle group of the body and is usually an improvised dance with its own range of dance vocabulary, which is fluidly integrated with the music rhythm. Belly dancers express the emotions that are stimulated by the music. Belly dancers communicate to the audience the emotions and the rhythm of the music especially obvious during the drums solo section of a performance. Basic movements remain the same but the dance continued to grow and expand. The most important Egyptian forms of belly dance are the Lebanese and the Turkish. For Lebanese culture, this form of dance holds the same regard as ballet and opera in European countries and music is often based around the artists of Egypt. Shakiras Lebanese heritage was a great influence on her belly dancing style and music. Hip movement in lebanses is similar to that used in other belly dancing methods. The focus of attention is on the stomach area. Shakiras her intensive training in belly dancing has afforded her a fluidity in her body movement. she oftens performs barefoot however, foot movements are not considered important. The upper body and hand movements are used in a snakelike form throughout the dance routine. Shakiras music relates to the Arabic belly dance style which produces a great effect works very well. She recently cheographed a dance for her song La Tortura in collaboration with Jamie King. Shakira was influenced in the belly dancing industry not only through her background as a part lbranse. She was influenced by Miles Copeland from the pop group The Police. Miles formed the most famous belly dance troupe, Bellydance Superstars. This dance troupe tours internationally, introducing belly dance to different parts of the world by performing hundreds of shows throughout the globe. These performance had created new stars of a few dancers in the industry. Music in the middle eastern countries were the main influences which brought Shakira into becoming a performer. Shakira started writing poems since young which eventually turned into songs. Typical arabic music are usually accompained by belly dancing. Shakira enjoyed singing and performing for her schoolmates in her catholic school. She was known as belly dancing girl as she would perform when she learns a new move. Shakiras influence, especially her part labanese background shows her style and it made popular belly dancing in pop culture. as pop culture greatly influence the young genration these days through music and especially MTV, many teenagers of all age groups tends to imitated unique and popular music either by dancing or singing. They would join competitions like personal impersonation, dance competitions of all genres and even multi talents competition which usually includes singing and dancing for entertainment. The new age are usually attracted to the amazing way the body works in different movements in a certain dance and would imitate exactly from music videos if that certain dance is in a popular song a particular artist made popular. Some teens will abstarct the certain ways the artist move and improvise for certain competitions. Not only do teens perform only in competitions these day, they do perform at celebration places like weddings, social gatherings or even at clubs. The enthuism of these teenagers renewed history and belly dancings true nature. The dance which brought people together in the early days, a celebration dance. This brings a greater influence as not only teenagers would attend functions like weddings and social gatherings, older people who are not influenced by watching popular culture like MTVs or listen to the radio, gained knowledge about this particular dance style and genre by watching these teenagers dance. This have a huge impact on the particular artist who made the dance popular and thus expanding the industry of what he or she made famous. R and B artists and actresses like Ciara, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Yvonne De Carlo, Jessica Simpson, Aaliyah and Hilary Duff were influenced by shakira in a way that they used techniques like belly rolls as signature moves on stage. By influencing artists in certain ways like this allows the industry to expand even more and shakiras style slowly and eventually rose up internationa lly. The more popular artist who was influenced by Shakira is Beyonce. Despite having her own style in music and in dance, Beyonce explored and attempted different dances. Her dances are more of an abstraction like Bob Fosses movements, and the recent collorbration in 2007 with Shakira, spread belly dancing worldwide as the song and music video made it up the billboard in the music industry. Shakira choreographed the dance in the music video and taught beyonce some of her belly dancing moves. This learning process where they collaborated, influenced beyonce in her concert tours and music videos where she did belly dancing on stage and in front of the camera to her singles which have a strong rhythm to express the sexy lyrics and emotion of the song. Both Beyonce and Shakira have their own style and approach to their music just like in their own styles of singing. They are both concious of their own dance movements as they uses particular dance styles from centuries ago to express emotions new age music which brings a particularly amazing spark to their music like a signature movement and style. This signature movement and style lead to a great support with their audience as people remember and know them vividly because of the influences they appeal to the world and which expend and introduced the belly dancing industry.

Impact of Bullying and Interventions

Impact of Bullying and Interventions Kelli Piperata I. Introduction Harassment and bullying in schools is not given the attention that is needed to correct the problem. In the article, Low-Level Violence, A Neglected Aspect of School Culture, David Dupper and Nancy Meyer-Adams bring attention to the issues that students face due to bullying and harassment. In this essay, I will aim to demonstrate the different types of bullying, the impact it has on students and steps that can be taken to implement change within schools to correct these deviant behaviors. II. Bullying in Schools Bullying in schools is a form of harassment that includes psychological and physical deviant behaviors towards other students. Some forms of this bullying include social, physical, cyber and verbal abuse. According to the article, A Neglected Aspect of School Culture, there are different reasons for students being harassed by other students. For females this can be because they are pretty enough, or they are not dressed in the style of clothes that is currently the trending fashion. For boys there can also be multiple reasons for peer harassment such as, not being a part of a sports team and not having certain strengths that other male students may have. III. Other Forms of Harassment Bullying can take on different forms of harassment that is not always by fellow students. Peer sexual harassment is another issue that students face this form of harassment is mostly directed to the female student. Unwanted sexual comments, spreading rumors, grabbing a student, sexual jokes and gestures are some of the common forms of sexual harassment. Moreover, these actions can make a student self-conscious, uncomfortable and embarrassed, and not want to attend classes. A bigger issue with peer sexual harassment is that many students that are perpetuating these acts feel that they are not doing anything wrong, that it is a part of school life. Another disturbing issue is that there are teachers and personnel who witness these acts and yet they do nothing to reprimand the students that are partaking in these deviant acts. Another form of bullying can be directly attributed from teachers. This is a psychological form of abuse; however, it has been taken to physical levels as well. Teachers are in a position of authority and sometimes that authority role has taken advantage of by the teacher. There have been incidences of teachers mistreating students by using fear mongering tactics that include yelling, threatening, and embarrassing students in front of others. In addition, there are some cases where teachers also physically battered students by hitting them or grabbing them forcefully. The sexual orientation of students seems to be one of the prime targets of harassment by fellow peers. A student who is gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender often are targets of homophobic fears of others. There is often physical and verbal out lashes towards these students, and often teachers and faculty do nothing to intervene or protect the victims in these situations. According to the reading, many times teachers, guidance counselors harbor the same feelings and may also act out on these feelings in the same manner as the students perpetrating these acts. Religious, cultural and racial bullying are also forms of harassment seen in schools. Students that do not share the same dominant religious ideologies can be targeted and ridiculed by other peers and persons of authority. Additionally, cultural differences are also a problem for students. Students and teachers who believe that the culture of others is perhaps weird or wrong are looking at it from a perspective of ethnocentrism. Furthermore, racism is also a part of bullying. Individuals who see someone that does not share the same skin color or has dissimilar features and reflect these notions onto other students is racial intimidation. VI. How Does Harassment Affect Students Students are affected in numerous ways due to low-level violence. In some cases, harassment can cause a student to take their own life, in other cases these victims can pushed so far that they retaliate and cause extreme harm upon others. Although taking their own life or inflicting harm on others may be extreme, they still in fact happen. However, there are less extreme implecations that are much more common for victims of bullying. Some of these effects may shape the rest of their lives, such as low-self-esteem and students dropping out of school. Additionally, students that are harassed may withdraw from their studies and feel isolated from social activities. This in effect hurts students outcomes on their grades as well as their overall experiences both socially and academically. Hazler (1994) stated that: [T]heir grades may suffer because their attention is being drawn away from learning. Being repeatedly victimized may push even good kids to extremes, such as starting fights or bringing weapons to school to exact vengeance on their tormentors, [and] even students and adults who are witnesses are affected [in that] they must deal with the lowered self-esteem and loss of control that accompanies feeling unsafe and unable to take action. The result is children and adults who do all they can to avoid recognizing when someone else is being hurt. V. How to Implement Change There are a number of ways to implement change within the school systems. One way is for parents, teachers and faculty members to not tolerate these types of behaviors. When they witness an individual bullying or harassing a student they should intervene and take the appropriate actions to stop this from reoccurring. In addition, teachers and faculty members should attend workshops that are properly educating professionals on how to deescalate and handle these situations. Overall, the change must come from the culture within the school, in order to achieve this, school should embrace and promote diversity, positive reinforcements and a no tolerance approach towards individuals who choose to perpetuate acts of bullying and harassment. VI. Conclusion Bullying and harassment is a growing problem within schools that is not being addressed properly. Students are not the only ones that are perpetrating these acts, school faculty are sometimes also ones that are guilty of these behaviors. The victims of low-level-violence are often faced with negative and lifelong impacts including low-self-esteem and sometimes victims seek out retaliation against their perpetrators. There are ways to implement change and create a diverse atmosphere for schools but certain guidelines, techniques and procedures need to be put in place for faculty and teachers. References David R. Dupper, Nancy Meyer-Adams. Low-Level Violence, A Neglected Aspect of School Culture. Jeanne H. Ballantine, Joan Z. Spade. Schools and Society. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, 2015. 200-208. Print.

Celine Dion :: Canada Canadian

Celine Dion Celine Dion is a proud Canadian, that is why she has sung our national anthom at countless events, that is why she financially supports numerous Canadian organizations, that is also why she continues to make french and english albums. She is a healthy role model for young and old people all over the world, and it is an honour to say she is Canadian. Celine Dion was born in Charlemagne, Quebec, on March 30, 1968 and was the youngest of 14 children in a large musical family. Celine Dion was named after a song her mother was singing while pregnant. She was discovered singing in the family owned restaurant, at age 12, but had been singing there ever since age five, along with her other siblings. It was a small restaurant and club where the children could often showcase their musical talents where her father would play the accordian and mother the violin. At only five years old, she had already began to develop as a singer and entertainer, so it makes sense she had the talent and capability to produce her very first recording at only age twelve with her mother and her brothers. Celine was discovered by Montreal Impresario, Rene Angelil, who later became her husband, in 1981. Celine's mother had found Rene's address in an album of Ginette Reno, a popular french singer. Rene had heard the demo-tape containing the songs Cel! ine had written (In particular "Ce N'etait Qu'un Reve"-or in english, "It was Only a Dream"), and he was immediatly taken by the voice of young Celine that he became determined to make her an internationally known talent. When he first heard her sing live, he cried because it was so beautiful. Rene had so much faith in Celine, that he even mortgaged his house to finance the production of Celine's debut album. Her only obstacle for success beyond Canada and France was her French lyrics. Record companies, as it turned out, were less enthusiastic of investing in a low-class preteen than Rene Angelil was. The financial support they needed to make Celine a success was not being produced, so they created a low budget Christmas album, "Celine Chante Noel," (Celine Sings Christmas), and another album, "Voix du bon Dieu," (The Voice of God). Celine released these singles at the young age of 13, yet they proved to be very successful. Even though these were low budget, people gave the albums a chance, and soon Celine had become the teen sensation of Quebec. Her early years also brought a string of awards, allowing

Alcohol and its effects Essay -- essays research papers fc

Alcohol is a large part of American culture. All over the United States drinking is not only acceptable but a social norm from teenagers to adults. This is not only the case in the U.S., but all over the world, where some drinking ages are 18 and 19 years of age. In America specifically, alcohol has been around for centuries and is a large part of many social gatherings. Although this is the case now, in the early 1900’s during the prohibition period, all alcohol was banned and deemed illegal to possess. Even though illegal, the task was just too heavy and alcohol was too much a common practice for most Americans. As time went on the prohibition period ended and the laws were revoked, making it legal again to possess alcohol. The drinking related problems that were around during prohibition pale in comparison to the problems alcohol has caused since then. Many people wonder if kids are drinking earlier and earlier and they feel the drinking age should be raised. On the other hand many people are against raising the drinking age, mainly those whom would be affected by this decision, Americas youth. From its affect on society, including its appeal towards young adults, to the diseases it causes, the problems of alcohol abuse are widespread and in many forms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a known fact that many Americans drink alcohol on a weekly basis. Depending on the rate and volume of consumption, alcohol has many different effects on the human body. Light drinking has been proven not to be a problem, and is even considered to be healthy. A glass of Red wine once a day is known to be beneficial to the heart. It helps prevent coronary heart disease by reducing plaque deposits in the arteries surrounding the heart, preventing blood clotting, while also helping to dissolve clots that already exist (Rehm 1210). Moderate and heavy drinking is a different story though. When drinking to the point of moderate to heavy consumption, there is a greater risk for personal injury. Car accidents are not the only causes of injury when under the influence of alcohol. Many incidents of injury are directly related to alcohol consumption including violence, and accidental personal injury. This being said, drunk driving is the main cause of death associated w ith alcohol consumption (Rehm 1220). Researchers have found that with increased volumes of alcohol consumption on... ...  Ã‚  Health and Research World, 1991, 52. This article speaks of adolescent alcohol use and abuse. It examines the lack of research done on adolescent health issues and the current knowledge of the consequences of adolescent alcohol consumption. The article also presents strategies on how to inform and clarify the issues of adolescent alcohol abuse. Brad Mackay, â€Å"Alcohol Rivals Tobacco for Health Impact: WHO,† Canadian Medical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Association, June 8, 2004, 1778. This article was short but provides a good comparison of alcohol and tobacco. The article presents good facts while giving good suggestions for solutions to the rising problems with alcohol. Jurgen Rehm, â€Å"The Relationship of Average Volume of Alcohol Consumption and Patterns of Drinking to Burden of Disease: An Overview,† Addiction Research Institute, May 8, 2003, 1209-1228. This article is aimed towards a large study to estimate the global burden of disease attributable to alcohol. The article tries to identify the relationships between average volume consumption, patterns of drinking, disease, and injury outcomes. The article also gives many numbers to back up its points.

Analyzing Managerial Decisions: Eastman Kodak

With the slogan â€Å"you press the button, we will do the rest†, George Eastman (a high school dropout) put the very first simple camera into the hands of a world of consumers in 1888 (â€Å"History of Kodak,† n. d. , para. 1). For many years, Eastman Kodak was virtually the only film manufacturer around so they had a monopoly in film production. Kodak was able to control the timing for introducing new products into the market and was able to make changes due to customer demand. Until the early 1980’s, Kodak owned the film production market with very little competition.This suddenly changed when Fuji Corporation and many other generic store brands began producing high quality film as well (Brickley, Smith, & Zimmerman, 2009, p. 358). Technological advances, robotics, new design capabilities and better communications made it possible for the other companies to bring new products to the market in much less time. It was now months instead of years (Brickley et al. , 2009, p. 358). Film and related products became more readily available, resulting in a more competitive film production industry. Kodak’s monopoly was gone.This caused Eastman Kodak to make changes to its organization architecture in 1984; the design of the current organization architecture no longer fit the business environment for the film industry. One of the largest factors to motivate Eastman Kodak to make these changes, were increased competition and decreased market share. The stock price of Eastman Kodak went from $85 a share in 1982 to just over $71 in 1984. This is a drop of 16% in their stock price (Brickley et al. , 2009, p. 358). When compared to the increases in stock for the other companies in this market as a whole, the decrease was disturbing.Kodak made some rapid and unbalanced changes to its architecture, in order that they might regain some of the market share it lost. While making changes to one section of the company, they did not coordinate the change s to the other sections. In 1984, Kodak decentralized the organization by restructuring and changing its decision making process. â€Å"The restructure created 17 new business units†. These new business units had profit–and-loss responsibilities, and the corresponding managers were given the responsibility to decide on new products, pricing and other important policies (Brickley et al., 2009, p. 359). Unfortunately the result of this major organizational architecture, had a very small impact on the companies plan to regain its market share and profits. In reaction to the lack of impact, Eastman Kodak implemented the Management Annual Performance Plan (MAPP). This was to be the new performance-evaluation and reward system. There are many types of Management Annual Performance Plans ( The government Performance Results Act of 1993 requires each state agency to develop and publish an Annual Performance Plan (â€Å"Annual Plans,† 2003, para. 14)).The company felt by changing the methods of rewarding individual and business units, it would help them to be more innovative and more responsive to the customers’ needs and demands (Brickley et al. , 2009, p. 359). And again, this change was a mistake and unfortunately it did not have the affect Kodak thought that it would. The new Performance Evaluation System did not motivate the employees. When changing organizational architecture, it is extremely important to remember that the three legs of the stool (or the three components) of organizational architecture are interdependent and need to be coordinated (Brickley et al., 2009, p. 350-1).Kodak should have designed it with the three following characteristics in mind: 1) assignment of decision rights, 2) methods of rewarding individuals, and 3) structure of systems to evaluate the performance of both individuals and business units (Brickley et al. , 2009, p. 341). This left Kodak’s â€Å"three legged stool† unbalanced. In short, t he company did not implement a rewards method and performance evaluation system at the same time it began changing the assignment of decision rights. When one component is changed, the other components should be changed too.Kodak could have improved the effectiveness of the change in organizational architecture by holding employees accountable while also implementing a decentralized decision making approach. Kodak was set in its ways for a long time and when Fuji and the other companies came along with the advanced technologies; it did not know how to make these changes in the most effective and efficient way possible. Finally, I believe they should have fired the CEO earlier, he was definitely not thinking along the same lines with the market performance and changing industry.When he discovered the three legged stool was not balanced it was too late. By firing the CEO this may have provided the â€Å"shake up† that management needed to get the company going in the right dire ction. â€Å"An interesting view in economics asserts that the foundations for behavioral assumptions such as profit or utility maximization at an individual level or behavior in accordance with Nash equilibrium at the strategic level should be found in evolutionary selection against those who do not behave as assumed. This view, could be called economic Darwinism† (Sloth & Whitta-Jacobsen, 2005, para. 2).This example perfectly illustrates the concept of economic Darwinism, especially from the perspective of â€Å"survival of the fittest† (Brickley et al. , 2009, p. 8). Kodak failed to stay competitive with Fuji by failing to adapt to the changing industry of film production, also by not effectively changing their organizational architecture. Due to this, Kodak lost significant profits and the market share. Although Kodak survived, it definitely was not the â€Å"fittest† in the film industry in the 1980’s and early 1990’s. In 1993, the CEO of many years was fired, further exemplifying economic Darwinism at Kodak.

A Poet’s Mindset on War and Its Consequences Essay

In this essay the two poems being discussed are hawk roosting and charge of the light brigade, their outlook on war and conflict will be analysed with contrasts and similarities studied. Hawk Roosting is a very powerful poem the title suggests that the hawk is very comfortable in its position at the ‘top of the world’ and there is more to the poem then first meets the eye. Ted Hughes writes the poem putting himself into the body and mind of a hawk. The hawk is portrayed as an arrogant power hungry being and Hughes is very good at showing the way the hawks mind works in a number of different situations and in different places. The themes throughout most of the poem revolve around power, ignorance and self-indulgence much like many powerful people of the world today as this poem compares the mind-set of a hawk to a modern day dictator. The hawk itself represents power and ignorance at the same time because he thinks that he is the most important animal in the woods and he is ignorant to the fact that he cannot have everything, in the poem Hughes shows this very well by using lots of emotive language and description about how the hawk thinks. The opening line, I sit in the top of the wood, my eyes closed, is referring to the hierarchy of the wood. The hawk thinks of itself as the king of the woods, he is unchallenged and fearless. Hughes goes on to say that the hawk wants or needs nothing, no falsifying dream, his dreams are not something that he wants he already has everything he wants his dreams are his reality. Hughes mentions the hawks hooked head and hooked feet next, Hughes is describing these because they are his weapons, his tools for killing, he is proud of them because they have helped him into the position at the top of the food chain and, as the hawk thinks, to the top of the world. The hawk is remembering his perfect kills and rehearsing for the next time he needs to eat, or just wants to kill. Hughes writes kills before eats suggesting that to the hawk, killing is more important than eating. Even if the hawk did not have to eat to survive he would kill, just for the fun and thrill, almost as if it was his duty, it was what he was made for. The hawks perspective then shifts to his domain, the convenience of the high trees, he sits at the top of the wood using the high trees as an advantage to him so that he can see everything that is going on beneath him, he is like a manager watching all his employees from a distance. The last line in this stanza shows that the hawk thinks it is more important than the Earth itself, the hawk seems to think that the Earth is subservient to him. This entire poem represents a dictator or tyrant, they believe they are a the highest power or in relation to the poem, top of the food chain, they are untouchable for if anyone was out of line then there would be no problem taking care of it with the arms at the tyrants disposal much like the claws and beak of the hawk overpowering prey and relentlessly ripping it apart. The whole effect of the poem on the reader almost makes the reader feel somewhat insignificant, vulnerable and even threatened, as the hawk tells of how it, like a juggernaut, crushes all in his path with ease and without hesitation. During parts of the poem where the hawk boasts of its power the structure of the sentences emphasis its authority, yet in sentences where the hawk glides over the woodland and all in it the sentences flow into each other. Whereas charge of in the light brigade the theme of the poem is associated with pride in battle, selflessness, and true bravery. The soldiers in Charge of the Light Brigade have obviously fell victim to a tragic mistake from their lieutenant to ride into battle against thousands although they had only six hundred brave men The poem is very regular in it structure, with several examples of repetition. The Charge of the Light Brigade is a narrative poem, with each of the stanzas intensifying the story of the attack. The rhythm of the opening lines creates a relentless beat which is continued throughout the poem, reflecting the riding of the Light Brigade into battle on horseback. Tennyson’s heavy use of repetition in the poem is perhaps intended to communicate the relentlessness of the charge, and of the dangers faced by the Brigade. These dangers are presented as being unavoidable, with death inevitable â€Å"Cannon to the right of them, Cannon to the left of them, Cannon in front of them† — â€Å"Into the jaws of Death, Into the mouth of Hell† The final two lines of the first three stanzas act as a refrain, depicting realization of the inevitability of death regardless of the blind valor projected. Tennyson’s use of alliteration creates a more visceral effect, that is, it helps to create a realistic and powerful description. Tennyson uses a rhetorical question at the beginning of the final stanza: â€Å"When can their glory fade?† After the five previous stanzas the answer to this question is clear: their glory should not fade, as their sacrifice is symbolic of all those who sacrifice their lives for the country. The poem offers a balance of glorious language, which celebrates the Brigade, and graphic description of the danger they faced. In conclusion, these poets’ attitude to conflict is very different, Ted Hughes sees the power behind war and concentrates on the behavior of leaders and their control over their followers, however Alfred Tennyson concentrates on the soldiers patriotism and heroism in battle this Is influenced in no small part I imagine because he was poet laureate of the Crown.

Reading Level of Grade Three Pupils at Luis Mirasol Memorial School Essay

The current issue being faced today by most educators is that during enrolment, some pupils who are promoted in Grade Three are still considered as non-readers. According to Arnold Peralta (2006), enabling the child to read in Grade 1 and 2, the primary grade is very necessary. It is in this stage that the habit of reading should be developed. If a child will not be able to read, understand what he reads and developed the habit of reading, he/she can hardly make it in the higher grades. According to Businessdictionary. com, reading grade level means number assigned to the level of complexity of a reading material, it equates to a given level of schooling, For example, a reading grade level of seven means the reading material is intended for a seventh grade student. In the field of education, this concept is very important in determining pupils’ progress in reading. According to Juan Miguel Luz (2007), Grade Three (10 years old) is a critical year in terms of formal schooling. Before School Year 2012-2023 preschooling is neither compulsory nor part of the package of free public education guaranteed by the Constitution, Grade Three marks the third full year of basic education for children who attend public elementary school and the year when the facility to read, write, and do the four operations of arithmetic with competence is expected. (Less than 20 percent of those who go to public elementary school actually attend a full year of preschool education). Dropping out before this grade level thus becomes a major contributor to the lack of functional literacy, which in turn has a negative impact on adults and their eventual work productivity. This is assuming, of course, that by the end of Grade 3 (or the third year of formal full-time schooling), the children’s competence in the three ‘Rs are being honed fully. But seeing it, that may not be happening in far too many schools. Furthermore, since they learned the basic skills in reading during their previous grades, they are expected to be a good reader when they reach Grade Three. However, there are many pupils who are still considered as non-readers. Stothard & Hulme (1996) described reading as the interaction of two distinct processes, decoding and comprehension. For skilled readers decoding is a highly automated task. Skilled readers can focus their attention on comprehension of the novel material. Low ability readers typically have difficulties studying and learning from expository textual material (Helwig, Almond, Rozek-Tedesco, Tindal, & Heath, 1999). Readers with robust verbal ability skills are more likely to analyze new information and draw inferences than their peers with low verbal ability. DepEd intensifies reading literacy in schools by enforcing the policy called â€Å"Every Child A Reader† (the Education Post Vol. 21, No. 1). Undersecretary Bacani said the new policy aims to make every Filipino child a successful reader at the end of Grade 3. The undersecretary is expecting that no pupil will be promoted to higher grades unless he or she manifests mastery of the basic literacy skills in a particular grade (Arnold Peralta,2006). The researchers presupposed factors to consider in eradicating or minimizing non- readers in every school. Among this are children who have spent less time in reading, their father and mother educational attainment, type of pre-school attended whether in public or private, and monthly family income. This is caused by the influence of the modern world, and parents’ inability to monitor the child’s progress because they are preoccupied with their chosen job. Some children choose to hang around malls, play computer or video games, or watch cartoons and consider reading as part of school activities that need to be forgotten during their spare time. (Arnold Peralta,2006) On the other hand, this is maybe caused by parent’s low educational attainment, and the absence of any reading and educational materials in their homes. According to Arnold Peralta (2006), the parents’ role is very important in helping increase their children’s habits. They must be involved in any activity to improve their children’s reading ability. That is why, in relation to this, the researchers aim to conduct a study that shall determine if such factors have indeed some kind of influence with the Reading Level of Grade Three pupils of Luis Mirasol Memorial School. Statement of the Problem This study will be conducted to determine the Reading Level of Grade Three Pupils at Luis Mirasol Memorial School. Specifically, this study aims to: 1. Describe the respondent’s socio-economic characteristics in terms of educational attainment of the father , educational attainment of the mother, and the monthly family income,type of pre-school attended, and number of hours spent in reading; 2. Determine the reading level of the respondents; 3. Determine if there is a relationship between the respondents’ socio-economic characteristics such as: educational attainment of a father, educational attainment of mother, monthly family income, and type of pre-school attended and number of hours spent in reading of the respondents. Research Hypotheses 1. There is no significant relationship between the respondents’ socio-economic characteristics such as: educational attainment of a father, educational attainment of mother, monthly family income, and type of pre-school attended, time spent in reading and the reading level. Theoretical Framework This study is based on various theories on reading level: According to the theory of reading as defined by (Henry,1986) that it must deal with wide range of issues and account for a wide range of behaviors and capabilities. Reading occurs when a child has developed sufficient decoding skills. Decoding is the ability to decipher printed words into meaningful spoken language. More specifically, decoding refers to the skill at which one is able to recognize sound, individual phonemes in a printed or written word and then length and those phonemes to form the sound of the word by (Adams 1990)NRP,2000;National Researcher Council,1998) Philip Gough and Wesley Hoover (1990) describe a theory called simple review of reading, a theory that supported that decoding is necessary for reading level success. This view asserts that weaknesses in reading decoding will result in weak reading. According to (Moats 1999, p5). Reading is the fundamental skill upon which all formal education depends. Research now shows that a child who does [not] learn the basics early is unlikely to learn them at all. Any child who does learn [not] to learn to read-early and will not easily master other skills  and knowledge and unlikely to ever flourish in schools or in life. According to (Kantawala, 1980) states that, the higher the socioeconomic status the better the reading attitude, according to him students of small size family had a more favourable reading attitude than those of large families. Due to the lack of independent reading student may not have developed the positive attitude towards reading. Conceptual Framework Reading level is one of the problems of teachers and parents with regards to their pupils and children. As parents become worried on the reading level of their sons and daughters many of them are unaware of the factors which may significantly affect such occurrence. These pupils on the other hand, who have delayed reading level, frequently, consider reading a task for them to study. In this study, Monthly family income, Preschool last attended, Time spent in reading serves as the Independent Variables while Reading level serve as the Dependent Variable. In terms of Monthly Family Income the researcher believe that those respondents with a higher monthly family income are expected to have a high reading level. In terms of Pre-school last attended, researchers believe that those pupils who obtain schooling in private pre-school than in public are expected to a have high reading level. In terms of Time spent in reading, the researchers believe that those who spent much time in reading are expected to have high reading level. Independent variable 1. Socio-economic characteristics * Educational attainment the father * Educational attainment the mother * Monthly family income 2. Type of school where pre-school education was obtained * Public * Private 3. Time spent in reading Dependent variable Reading Level Figure 1. A Schematic diagram showing the relationship between the Independent and Dependent Variables. Definition of Terms To establish a frame of understanding for both the researchers and readers to facilitate correct interpretation of the results of the study, the following term were defined: Educational Attainment of Father – this pertains to the highest level of instruction, obtained in an institution of learning by the father. It is classified as elementary, high school or college. Educational Attainment of Mother – this pertains to the highest level of instruction, obtained in an institution of learning by the mother. It is classified as elementary, high school or college. Monthly Family Income. This refers to the total gross income of the pupils family per month and is further classified into High (Php 5000 and above), Average (Php2500 and above), Low (1500 and below). Pre-school last attended. Type of school where pre-school education was obtained whether it is in Day Care Center or Pre-Elementary Public School. Time Spent in Reading. This refers to average time not less than 80 to 100 minutes of independent or shared reading per week by the pupils. Reading Level- reading will be measured by using the IRI assessment and the respondents will be ranked through Frustration level, Instructional Level, Independent Level. Scope and Limitation of the Study This study aims to determine the factors related to the Reading Level of Grade 3 pupils at Luis Mirasol Memorial School during the School Year 2012-2013. This study will be conducted at Luis Mirasol Memorial School for convenience of both the researchers and the respondents. The Grade 3 pupils were selected as respondents of this study. The information needed in this study will be gathered using a self-administered questionnaire structured by the researchers. Furthermore, the interview and questionnaire will use to test the reliability of the research instrument. This study would be more reliable if it covers a larger scope and if more respondents will be involved. But this will also mean more effort, time and money that the researchers despondently lack. Significance of the study. The results of this investigation are expected to be highly beneficial to the following: Central Philippine University—College of Education. As an educational institution that hones every individual to become successful professionals in the future, the problem would be beneficial to the College of Education for the outreach center in the field study, to plan out certain programs, and strategies for the Luis Mirasol Memorial School as a partnership of Central Philippine University. Luis Mirasol Memorial School. If this study proves to be beneficial as a means of basis and standards, teachers will be able to find new ways and strategies on how to improve the reading level of their pupils. Parents. As the legal guardians of the children, the results of this investigation would serve as a stimuli towards their awareness on the factors that affect the reading level of their children. Furthermore, this study would initiate them to be more involved to follow up their children at home with partnership to the teacher and open line communication for the development of their children. Elementary Pupils. Whenever proven that the mentioned factors have something to do with the Reading Level of the pupils, the pupils themselves can learn and even do something to counteract negative impact caused by such factors as to their reading skills. Researchers. The outcome and conclusions drawn from this study will be beneficial to other researchers as a guideline for future studies. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Educational Attainment of both Parents and Reading Level Research on parenting also has shown that parent education is related to a warm, social climate in the home. Klebanov et al. (1994) found that both mothers’ education and family income were important predictors of the physical environment and learning experiences in the home but that mothers’ education alone was predictive of parental warmth. Likewise, Smith et al. (1997) found that the association of family income and parents’ education with children’s academic achievement was mediated by the home environment. The mediation effect was stronger for maternal education than for family income. Thus, these authors posited that education might be linked to specific achievement behaviors in the home (e. g. , reading, playing). Preschool Attended and Reading Level Preschool helps children to use their minds by knowing where the child means also knowing how his mind deals with the activities of the curriculum and other experiences in the early years. Mental operation most relevant for early education can be grouped into 3 major areas: perception, memory and problem solving. According to Maria Montessori, early education has an indispensable role in the whole personality of the child. The stage of human development from 0-6 years is the stage of the most absorbent mind and the critical period of a child. This stage is the most sensitive period in the life of the child that needed a wholesome, healthful and rich background. If a child fails in reading during the primary grades, his chances for success in any other academic area are greatly reduced. It is therefore essential that a pre-school program for children do all it can to ensure that the children will succeed in reading when they enter school. (http://onlineacademics. org/ReadingDiagnosis. html) Preschool improves children’s problem solving abilities for elementary school. Educational advocates recognize early childhood education, during the preschool years, as among the most enduring and beneficial services a community can provide for its children. Some parents choose to delay formal education until kindergarten, instead instructing their children in reading readiness tasks and offering enrichment classes at home. Children who aren’t offered these opportunities, whether at home or in a formal school setting, perform below their kindergarten classmates in reading and social readiness. (W. Steven Barnett; January 2006). According to a study by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, children who attended preschool scored at a higher reading level than children who did not attend preschool. Even if they couldn’t read, exposure to reading, books and listening to stories resulted in higher levels of letter and number recognition. When introduced to numbers and letters during kindergarten, children who attended preschool already had conceptual and visual familiarity, making it easier for them to make sense of written words. This advantage in reading comprehension and ability continued through age 15. Time Spent in Reading and Reading Level. (U. S. Department of Education, 1986) have recently reiterated the assertion that time spent reading at school and at home is an important facet of a reading program. Despite the perceived importance of time spent reading, a number of studies have found that intermediate grade students spend relatively little time reading at school or at home. It has been well documented that, in general, the amount of time that students are engaged in academic tasks during the reading period at school is positively correlated with gains in reading achievement (Brophy & Good,1986; Fisher et al. , 1980; Stallings & Kaskowitz, 1974). At the same time, however, many activities besides silent reading occur during the reading period (Anderson et al. , 1985). Consequently, studies on general student engagement during the reading period do not provide direct evidence of a meaningful relationship between time spent on silent reading and reading achievement. A few studies have supported the assertion that time engaged in silent reading is an important determinant of elementary students’ reading achievement. Greaney (1980) found a positive relationship between the amount of time spent reading at home and the reading achievement of elementary-age children. In effect, the assertion that time engaged in silent reading at school and at home is important for children’s reading growth has little empirical support; the literature contains surprisingly few studies that have actually found significant relations between time engaged in silent reading and gains in reading achievement for intermediate grade students. In fact, Wilkinson et al. (1988) and Anderson et al. (1988) have recently bemoaned the paucity of evidence. Thus, in the present study we focus on the relationship between reading and achievement gains. We attempt to provide data directly relevant to the policy question of whether or not elementary teachers and administrators should advocate students devoting more time to silent reading at school and at home. Synthesis of Review of Related Literature The Related Literature presented above revealed that there are certain existing factors related to the Reading Level of the pupils in an educational institution. It was mentioned by Klebanov et al. (1994) that education of parents and family income were important predictors of the physical environment and learning experiences in the home. Likewise, Smith et al. (1997) found that the association of family income and parents’ education with children’s academic achievement was mediated by the home environment. The pre-school program for children do all it can to ensure that the children will succeed in reading when they enter school (Maria Montessori). This serve as a foundation to their basic learning during their elementary grades. The time spent on reading has been beneficial to children who read during their free time. It has been well documented that, in general, the amount of time that students are engaged in academic tasks during the  reading period at school is positively correlated with gains in reading achievement (Brophy & Good,1986; Fisher et al. , 1980; Stallings & Kaskowitz, 1974). Chapter III METHODOLOGY This chapter presents a description of the Research Design, locale of Study, Sampling Population, Research Instrument, Data Gathering Procedure and Data Analysis. Research Design The non –experimental Design, Specifically the One shot survey was used in this study since it is the most appropriate approach in collecting the prescribed data. This design is suitable for the collection of descriptive information about the population or subjects of the study. Moreover, the design requires data to be collected once and it also utilized when the objective is describe a situation or condition of a study population as it exist. Locale of the Study The data and information needed in this study was obtained at Luis Mirasol Memorial School, for the convenience of both the respondents and the researchers. The locale is also appropriate, as it can accommodate all the respondents of the study. Respondents of the Study. All of the Grade III pupils from Luis Mirasol Memorial School will be taken as respondents of this study. Census of the total population from the mention institution will be formally obtained with proper permission from the School’s Principal with the total 70 respondents. Data Gathering Instrument The information needed in this study will be gathered using self-administered questionnaire and to be structured by the researchers. It consists of four parts: The first part of the instrument will asks about the Educational Attainment of both Parents, the second part pertains to the  Family Income of the respondents, the third part will asks about the Type of Pre-school the respondent attended, and the fourth part is the number of hours that the respondents spent in reading. Data Processing and Analysis The data in this study will be subjected to computer processed statistics using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Program. A coding manual was prepared for easy facilitation of the data. In order to achieve the goals of the study, Descriptive Statistics which included the mean and Inferential Statistics which included the frequency count and percentage of the results was used. CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION The following are the results of our study conducted during the summer of 2012. We interviewed 53 students and the results show that when the respondents are grouped according to educational attainment of the father, the results are: Table 1. Distribution of Respondents According To Educational Attainment of the Father EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE FATHER| | Frequency (F)| Percent %| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| | Elementary| 4| 7. 5| 7. 5| 7. 5| | High School| 15| 28. 3| 28. 3| 35. 8| | College Level| 6| 11. 3| 11. 3| 47. 2| | College Graduate| 28| 52. 8| 52. 8| 100. 0| | Total| 53| 100.0| 100. 0| | In table 1, out of the 53 respondents, majority of their fathers are college graduate, 28 in total which comprise 52. 8% of the total population, followed by fathers who are high school graduates 15 in total, which comprise 28% of the total population. College level fathers and Elementary graduate are the bottom two, 6 and 4 in total respectively and comprise 11. 3% and 7. 5% of the total population. The data shows that the degree of educational attainment of mother does not affect the reading level of the pupils. Table 2. Distribution of Respondents According To Educational Attainment of the Mother  EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE MOTHER| | Frequency (F)| Percent %| Valid Percent %| Cumulative Percent %| | Elementary| 6| 11. 3| 11. 3| 11. 3| | High school| 15| 28. 3| 28. 3| 39. 6| | College level| 11| 20. 8| 20. 8| 60. 4| | College graduate| 21| 39. 6| 39. 6| 100. 0| | Total| 53| 100. 0| 100. 0| | In table 2, the data shows that out of the 53 respondents, majority of their mothers are college graduate, 21 in total which comprise 39. 6% of the total population, followed by mothers who are high school graduates 15 in total, which comprise 28. 3% of the total population. College level mothers and Elementary graduate are the bottom two, 11 and 6 in total respectively and comprise 20. 8% and 11. 3% of the total population. The data shows that the degree of educational attainment of mother does not affect the reading level of the pupils. According to____________________________________________? Table 3. Distribution of Respondents According to Monthly Income MONTHLY INCOME| | Frequency (F)| Percent %| Valid Percent %| Cumulative Percent %| | 5000 and above| 23| 43. 4| 43. 4| 43. 4| | 1501-4999| 20| 37. 7| 37. 7| 81. 1| | 1500 and below| 10| 18. 9| 18. 9| 100. 0| | Total| 53| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Out of the 53 respondents, majority of them have monthly net income above 5000, 23 in total which comprise 43. 4% of the total population, followed by those who have monthly income ranging from 1501 to 4999, 20 in total, which comprise 37. 7% of the total population, and lastly those who have monthly net income higher than 15000 comprised 18. 9% of the population, or 10 respondents. This data shows that According to Table 4. Distribution of Respondents According Type of Preschool Attended PRESCHOOL ATTENDED| | Frequency (F)| Percent %| Valid Percent %| Cumulative Percent %| | Public| 51| 96. 2| 96. 2| 96. 2| | Private| 2| 3. 8| 3. 8| 100. 0| | Total| 53| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Out of the 53 respondents, majority of them have finished their preschool in public schools, which comprise 51 respondents or 96. 2% of the entire population. The remaining 2 or 3. 8% went to private schools. This data shows that? __________________________ According to_______________________? Table 5. Distribution of Respondents According Time Spent in Reading TIME SPENT IN READING| | Frequency (F)| Percent %| Valid Percent %| Cumulative Percent %| | one hour a day| 26| 49. 1| 49. 1| 49. 1| | two hours a day| 5| 9. 4| 9. 4| 58. 5| | three hours a day| 2| 3. 8| 3. 8| 62. 3| | one hour in a week| 5| 9. 4| 9. 4| 71. 7| | three hours in a week| 2| 3. 8| 3. 8| 75. 5| | Less than one hour a week| 13| 24. 5| 24. 5| 100. 0| | Total| 53| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Out of the 53 respondents, majority of them spent one hour a day in reading, 26 in all or 49. 1%, followed by those who read less than an hour a week, 13 in all or 24. 5%. Those who read two hours a day and one hour a week are both tied which comprise 9. 4% of the population or 5 respondents in all. Same is in those who read three hours a day and three hours a week, both 2  respondents’ responds positively comprising 3. 8% of the population. This data shows that? __________________According to_______________? When grouped according to the raw scores in Filipino reading comprehension test we get the following results: SCORES IN FILIPINO| | Valid| 53| | Missing| 0| Mean| 78. 58| Median| 80. 00| Mode| 80| Std. Deviation| 4. 050| Minimum| 59| Maximum| 83| The range of the scores in Filipino exam is from 59 to 83, 59 being the lowest and 83 the highest, with a mean score of 78. 58, mode and median at 80 and with a standard deviation of 4. 050. (Complete table is shown in Appendix A Table 1) When grouped according to the raw scores in English reading comprehension test we get the following results: SCORES IN ENGLISH| | Valid| 53| | Missing| 0| Mean| 42. 21| Median| 44. 00| Mode| 43| Std. Deviation| 5. 749| Minimum| 17| Maximum| 49| The range of the scores in English exam is from 17 to 49, 17 being the lowest and 49 the highest, with a mean score of 42. 21, mode at 43 and median at 44 and with a standard deviation of 5. 749. (Complete table is shown in Appendix A Table 2) To test for correlation for father’s educational attainment in correlation to the respondents core in Filipino we get, the Spearman’s Rho to be . 093 with the significance of 0. 508. In terms for correlation between the mother’s educational attainments in correlation to the respondents score in Filipino we get the Spearman’s Rho to be -0. 21, with the significance of . 440. In terms of parents net monthly income in correlation to the respondents score in Filipino we get Spearman’s Rho of -. 013 with significance of . 464. In terms preschool attended in correlation to the respondents score in Filipino we get the Spearman’s Rho to be . 066, with the significance of . 321. In terms of time spent in reading in correlation to the respondents score in Filipino we get the Spearman’s Rho to be -0. 131, with the significance of . 176. To test for correlation for father’s educational attainment in correlation to the respondents score in English we get, the Spearman’s Rho to be . 086 with the significance of 0. 269. In terms of mother’s educational attainment in correlation to the respondents core in English we get, the Spearman’s Rho to be . 030 with the significance of 0. 415. In terms of monthly income in correlation to the respondents core in English we get, the Spearman’s Rho to be .015 with the significance of 0. 456. In terms of preschool attended in correlation to the respondent’s core in English we get, the Spearman’s Rho to be . 088 with the significance of 0. 265. In terms of time spent in reading in correlation to the respondent’s core in English we get, the Spearman’s Rho to be -. 114 with the significance of 0. 209. (complete table of correlation see Appendix A table 3. ) CHAPTER V CONCLUSION Based on the findings of the study the following conclusion was drawn: 1. Parent’s educational attainment, both mother and the father have no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the level educational attainment of the parents does not affects the scores in reading evaluation of the pupil. 2. Parent’s net monthly income has no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the net monthly income of the parents does not affect the scores in reading evaluation of the pupil. 3. The pre-school attended by the pupil has no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the preschool attended by the pupil does not affect the scores in reading evaluation of the pupil. 4. The pre-school attended by the pupil has no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the preschool attended by the pupil does not affect the scores in reading evaluation of the pupil. 5. The time spent by the pupil reading has no significant relationship with the scores both in English and Filipino. This means that the time spent by the pupil reading does not affect the scores in reading evaluation of the pupil. RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the foregoing findings and conclusions, the following recommendations are generalized: 1. Central Philippine University must take action and do more research as of what is the cause of the low reading level among Luis Mirasol Memorial School’s Grade III pupils. 2. Since there are no significant relationship between parent’s educational attainment, net monthly income and the reading level of a pupil, the parent’s must get involve in other ways in the pupil’s academe aside from the given two. 3. Researchers are recommended to find other factors that have probable relationship to reading level aside the factors given in this research. 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